�16�Annotated+Bibliography

Rafiat Kasumu Sociology April 26, 2011

**Annotated Bibliography** 

Bhowmick, Nilanjana. "India Under Pressure to Do More about Child Labor." //TIME//. TIME, 19 June 2009. Web. 10 May 2011. .

Nilanjana Bhowmick is an award-winning freelance journalist based in India who graduated from Birmingham City University. She is the founder and editor of Shetizenjournalist.com. She has written for TIME Magazine, CS Monitor, and Reu. In the past she has been an India Correspondent at All Headline News, Delhi Correspondent at CVC Radio, Senior Editor at Instablogs, and freelance correspondent at VOA News. This particular source is an informational report on the pressure India is feeling to stop child labor form occurring within their boundary lines. The intended audience of this piece are people of higher education levels who are concerned about the laws and regulations that restrict child labor from occurring.

 Throughout the source, the author takes the position that India’s deeply-rooted culture and past traditions are obstacles to present laws and regulations restricting child labor. She points out the hiring of young children to work as nannies and maids has been a common tradition in India. Although the country banned the hiring of children under the age of 14 in 2006, the practice still continues through agencies that lend families money in exchange for their children’s labor. Recently, India has come under fire for not preventing such actions. Bhowmick backs up this statement by citing that recently that the 2009 Trafficking in Persons Report stated that India is a Tier 2 level country for the sixth consecutive year for violations of human trafficking and child labor. Most children working as child laborers are transported through human trafficking.

 Bhowmick also provides stories of present child laborers. She also states that India's existing laws on child labor haven't been effective for a mixture of legal and cultural reasons. For one, many present laws contradict past ones that allowed students of age 14 to work in India. In the past, it was traditional and common for children of 14 to work, so, these contradicting laws are not being followed by the people. In addition to this, A 2006 UNICEF report showed girls between the ages of 12 and 15 are the preferred choice of domestic help in 90 percent of Indian households. This shows a predisposed cultural connection of to the use of child laborers in India. Bhowmick backs up all of her facts through research, surveys, and information obtained ftom outside, reliable sources such as UNICEF. I believe that this source is logical, clear, and well-researched. Bhowmick provides various facts, surveys, and statistics to back up many of her claims. In addition to this, the fact that she threads stories of actual present child laborers in India into her articles just makes it more authentic. The topic has been adequately addressed in terms of the cultural ties to child labor in India today. The author is not biased in their article. This source provided me lots of information on the cultural ties to child labor in India and has helped me in developing my argument for this project.

 Harsch, Ernest. "Child Labour Rooted in Africa's Poverty." // Africa Recovery //. UN, Oct. 2001. Web. 6 May 2011. .

 Ernest Harsch is a published author who has written an article in the //Africa Recovery// series under the “Protecting Africa’s Children” feature. Harsch has published many articles and informational books having to do with the pressing issues within Africa such as apartheid, poverty, and overpopulation. This particular piece is an informational report of how poverty in Africa is closely related to child labor and this article is geared towards an audience of a higher education who would like to learn more about these issues.

Throughout this source, Harsch is arguing that Africa’s poor educational system and its poverty levels contribute to the high numbers of child laborers in the region. The author gives a detailed overview of the history of child labor, citing the International Labour Organization (ILO) and UNICEF as the lead organizations trying to eradicate child labor. He provides many statistics on the poverty levels in Africa and the number of child laborers increasing as the poverty increases. The author supports may of his arguments with stories of children who have suffered through child labor and many said their reason for participating in this practice was due to the poverty of their family. Harsch argues that child labor is dangerous for children, exploits them, exposes them to dangerous conditions and diseases, and limits their education.

I believe that information presented in logical, clear, and well-researched. The topic of child labor is adequately discussed from the scope of child labor in Africa. The author is slightly biased because he argues there is a correlation between poverty and child labor, but he presents many sides in the debate. I learned many new statistics on child labor and where it is found from their article. Harsch presented a UNICEF study which found that African culture allows children to work within the family and community. However, with additional economic hardships, HIV/AIDS and other disasters the African culture has been reshaping its traditions and exploiting children. This information will greatly help me in developing my thesis that culture is greatly tied the some society’s acceptance of child labor.

Herumin, Wendy. //Child Labor Today: A Human Rights Issue//. Berkeley Heights: Enslow, 2008. Print. Issues in Focus Today.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Wendy Herumin is a published author who writes young adult books about pressing issues in today’s society. She has written __Child Labor today: A Human Rights Issue__, and in depth critical evaluation of existing institutions of child labor and __Censorship on the Internet: From Filters to Freedom of Speech,__ a critical review of censorship and its impact. Herumin qualified, published author who analyzes critical issues relating to society. This specific source is an informational report because it provides general information about child labor and how culture can impact its occurrence. It is also a persuasive piece because it paints child labor in a negative light. This source is intended to be geared towards young adults.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Throughout the source, the author’s thesis seems to be that child labor that is deeply rooted in culture is a growing epidemic in our nation that claims that lives of children and is ultimately bad. The author argues that child labor prevents most children from attending school, thereby ensuring their bleak future and impossible escape. Herumin does state that children in impoverish countries may work to provide for their family, however, others are wrongly fully forced into the practice and are often given no choice or alternate options. She argues that this practice is wrong, should be abandoned, and that more needs to be done to eradicate child labor in the world. The author provides statistics as well as quotes from other sources, child labor prevention organizations, children, and qualified professors. The author provides a boundless amount to information about my topic, which is how culture impacts the proliferation of child labor. She provides many examples of cultural traditions, such as camel racing in the Middle East, that encourage the use of child labor. Herumin covers topics such as child labor abuse, why children work, possible solutions, different types of child labor, and slave labor.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Overall, the source is logical, clear, and well-researched. The author backs up many of her claims with reliable sources and quotes from different child labor prevention organizations. The topic is adequately researched and even provides and looks into the future as to how child labor could be reduced or eradicated. The author is motivated to argue that child labor is not always a good practice because most children are forced or wrongfully deceived into participating in it. However, she does acknowledge that some families need their children to work to provide for them. I believe this source was very helpful, in gave me general information about my topic. I learned different types of child labor and where it occurs from this source. This source provides several examples of how culture impacts child labor through the stories it recounts. This source helped me develop my argument because now I have specific examples of how culture impacts child labor.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal;"> Hindman, Hugh D., and Charles G. Smith. "Cross-Cultural Ethics and the Child Labor Problem." // Journal of Business Ethics // 19.1 (1990): 21-33. Rpt. in // Journal of Business Ethics //. N.p.: Springer Netherlands, 1999. N. pag. //SpringerLink//. Web. 6 May 2011. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006193721017>.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal;">Hugh Hindman is an Associate Professor at Appalachian State University and Charles Smith is a Associate Professor at Niagara University. Both men are published authors and have published their work in the academic Journal of Business Ethics. The information within this article is both information land persuasive; the authors provide information on child labor while arguing a certain thesis. This work is intended to be viewed by people of higher education levels who are interested in the business ethics of child labor.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal;"> Throughout the source, the authors argue that, as countries industrialize, they tend to follow predictable patterns of development – including use of and eventual abandonment of child labor. This eventually, they argue, logically supports a universalist approach to human rights (that would condemn child labor) over a more tolerant cultural relativist approach. The authors back up many of their claims by citing statistics and research that finds staggering amount of child labor in less developed countries and less child labor in industrial countries. These statistics come from the International Labour Organization (ILO). The author covers topics such as where child labor is mostly concentrated, the numbers of child laborers in those areas, and the ages of the workers.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal;">I believe that information presented in logical, clear, and well-researched. The topic of child labor is adequately discussed for the business ethics side of the debate. It is also stated in the abstract that the authors are arguing from a certain position. This source did help me with my research. I learned many new statistics from this source. I also learned that child labor is high in Asia, Africa, and Latin America – these are densely populated, destitute areas whose culture accepts different forms of child labor. So, this source did help me develop my argument that culture is closely tied to child labor and is often the deciding factor on whether a society will accept its practice or not.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal;">UNICEF. "Child Protection from Violence, Exploitation and Abuse - Child Labour."//United for Children//. UNICEF, 19 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2010.<http://www.unicef.org/>.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in;">This source was written by the United Nations Children's Fund, or UNICEF, an organization within the UN responsible for regulating and enforcing policies concerning children rights. UNICEF is an organization dedicated to improving the lives of children and is made up of several nations across the all striving for the same goal. This source is both informative and persuasive; UNICEF seeks to educate people about child labor happening today and to prevent child labor from occurring. This source is intended for individuals who are concerned about the current epidemic of child labor in the world today.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in;">UNICEF’s main thesis and argument is that child labor is a dangerous and growing practice in the world today that needs to come to an end. They argue that if nations, NGOs, and the UN were able to provide education to these children, then child labor would not have taken as many lives as it does today. UNICEF provides various statistics, facts, research, and numbers to back up many of their claims. These pieces of information are all used as evidence for the organization’s arguments. For example, the source says that 158 million of 14-15 year olds participate in child labor. This means 1 in 6 children are laborers in the world. These children are often forced to work with dangerous machinery, chemicals, fumes, and unhealthy conditions. In Sub-Saharan Africa specifically, UNICEF states, 1 in 3 children participate in child labor. In South Asia, 69 million children do. The source also states that kids living in poor conditions are more prone to concede to child labor and in turn they lose out on educational opportunities. Overall, this source covers the definition of child labor, different types of it, the conditions children are in, and where child labor is taking place.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in;">Overall, the source is logical, clear, and well-researched. UNICEF backs up many of their claims with reliable sources, statistics, and specific examples. The topic is adequately researched and even provides and looks into the future as to how child labor could be reduced or eradicated. UNICEF does have a bias on the topic of child labor; however it is an understandable one since they are an organization dedicated to prevent the abuse of child laborers. In reflection, this source was very helpful for my research. I learned many more statistics and facts about child labor from this source that I did not know before. This source provides me with different examples of child labor in other cultures that can be used to support my argument that culture does play a role in child labor. This source provides me with a ton of new information that I can use in my project to build my argument.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">The Sun-Herald. "Cambodia's Culture of Child Labour." //The Sydney Morning Herald//. The Sydney Morning Herald, 23 Dec. 2007. Web. 11 May 2011. <http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/cambodias-culture-of-child-labour/2007/12/22/1198175409303.html>.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">There is no specific author of this particular article; however the source of this article is The Sun-Herald, another newspaper. This newspaper publishes news stories and breaking news headline on a daily basis. The particular article can be considered an informational and persuasive piece; although it does provide information about child labor in Cambodia, the author tries to convince people the culture plays a huge role in the acceptance of child labor in the area. This piece is intended to be read by people of any age who are interested in the child labor in Cambodia and its ties to their deeply-rooted culture.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">The author’s main thesis in this article is that cultures view and interpret child labor in different ways and that the idea of all child labor being hazardous stems from the modern-day West view on the meaning of childhood. The author backs up many of his claims through the power of the written word and stories of children who are child laborers and of parents who allow it. Through these stories the author establishes that many families allow tier children to work because they are in desperate need of money and resources. In many cases, it is a necessity in order to put food on the table or pay for their house bills. However, in our culture we eat food three times a day in our homes so we do not encounter these same hardships. The author cites Oxford anthropologist Jo Boyden as being the first person to oppose a global definition of child hood and child labor because it means different things in different countries. Therefore, one culture cannot dismiss another’s practice because they do not know enough of it to judge it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I thought that the source was logical, clear, and well-researched. The author obviously knew what he was saying because he recounted the stories of the families and children affected by child labor. The article was very touching and taught me a great deal about how much in the world is viewed through the Western culture’s eyes. I learned many more statistics and facts about child labor from this source that I did not know before. This source definitely provides me with different examples of child labor in other cultures that can be used to support my argument that culture does play a role in the acceptance of child labor in some countries. This source provides me with a lot of new information that I can use in my project to build my argument.